翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告(化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告)
翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告
翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告
開(kāi)題報告是畢業(yè)論文答辯委員會(huì )對學(xué)生答辯資格審查的一個(gè)重要依據材料。下面是小編為大家收集整理的翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告，歡迎閱讀。
翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告一
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告二
選題的原因、基本內容：
英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)(idiom)是英語(yǔ)的核心與精華。其內容豐富，寓意深刻，具有濃厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、談話(huà)或對外交往中，恰當地加以運用，會(huì )大大增加語(yǔ)言的表達能力，收到良好的效果。英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的精華，是英國藝術(shù)寶庫的瑰麗明珠。英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)的句式特點(diǎn)是句式簡(jiǎn)單，語(yǔ)言精煉，富于形象比喻，充滿(mǎn)濃郁的.民族色彩。學(xué)習和研究英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)有助于啟迪思想，開(kāi)拓視野，了解英國的歷史文化、風(fēng)土人情，以及英國人民的人生哲理，同時(shí)還可以學(xué)到生動(dòng)活潑的大眾語(yǔ)言。
本文通過(guò)比較英漢成語(yǔ)及諺語(yǔ)這兩種語(yǔ)言的相似及不同之處，詳細的介紹英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)及諺語(yǔ)。第一部分主要從內容和形式兩方面談?wù)動(dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)成語(yǔ)及諺語(yǔ)的基本特色;第二部分談及英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)及諺語(yǔ)的一般翻譯方法和翻譯時(shí)應該注意的一些問(wèn)題。
相關(guān)資料收集情況：
陳亞光。小議英諺語(yǔ)和成語(yǔ)的創(chuàng )新。上海外國語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報，1983。
黃粉保。英漢成語(yǔ)翻譯漫談。云夢(mèng)學(xué)刊，1999/2
顧雪梁。語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)英譯探索。廣州師范學(xué)院學(xué)報，1993/2。
張培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭謨禹。《英漢翻譯教程》。北京：中國外語(yǔ)教育出版社，xx/8
楊永和。英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)的修辭特點(diǎn)研究。重慶工學(xué)院學(xué)報,xx/3。
論文提綱：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指導教師意見(jiàn)：
指導教師簽名：
年 月 日
化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告
化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)開(kāi)題報告
化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)是一種大學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)。化學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)培養具備化學(xué)的基礎知識、基本理論和基本技能，能在化學(xué)及與化學(xué)相關(guān)的科學(xué)技術(shù)和其它領(lǐng)域從事科研、教學(xué)技術(shù)及相關(guān)管理工作的高級專(zhuān)門(mén)人才。以下小編為你收集了電鍍技術(shù)的研究現狀及未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢，希望給你帶來(lái)一些參考的作用。
一、選題的背景、意義及目的
20世紀50年代前腐蝕的定義只局限于金屬腐蝕。從50年代以后，許多權威的腐蝕學(xué)者
或研究機構傾向于把腐蝕的定義擴大到所有的材料。金屬及其合金至今仍然是最重要的結構材料，所以金屬腐蝕還是最引人注意的問(wèn)題之一。腐蝕給合金材料造成的直接損失巨大。有人統計每年全世界腐蝕報廢的金屬約一億噸,占年產(chǎn)量的20%～40%。估計全世界每年因腐蝕報廢的鋼鐵設備相當于年產(chǎn)量的30%。顯然，金屬構件的毀壞，其價(jià)值遠比金屬材料的價(jià)值大的多；發(fā)達國家每年因腐蝕造成的經(jīng)濟損失約占國民生產(chǎn)總值的2-4%；美國每年因腐蝕要多消耗3.4%的能源；我國每年因腐蝕造成的經(jīng)濟損失至少達二百億。腐蝕的巨大危害不僅體現在經(jīng)濟損失上，它還會(huì )帶來(lái)慘重的人員傷亡、環(huán)境污染、資源浪費、阻礙新技術(shù)的發(fā)展、促進(jìn)自然資源的損耗。
電鍍技術(shù)對解決材料的腐蝕具有重大作用。 電鍍在工業(yè)中的作用大致分為美觀(guān)裝飾、防護延壽、特殊功能等三大類(lèi)其作用有： 1、 美化產(chǎn)品美觀(guān)，提升產(chǎn)品附加值
通過(guò)在基體表面電鍍一層金屬鍍膜，賦予產(chǎn)品表面金屬質(zhì)感、仿古色等多種精美金屬色，提高商品的附加值，在家居建材裝飾等行業(yè)廣泛應用，如：門(mén)鎖、燈具、衛浴、家居裝飾、工藝制品等。常見(jiàn)的鍍種有，鎳、鉻、仿金（黃銅）、黑鎳、金、銀等。 2、防護基體，延長(cháng)產(chǎn)品壽命，節約金屬資源
防護性電鍍是電鍍加工工藝中主要的工藝種類(lèi)之一。通過(guò)在基體表面鍍覆一層薄而致密的耐蝕鍍層或比基體電位負的陽(yáng)極性鍍層，以達到保護基體、延長(cháng)產(chǎn)品使用壽命的目的。在裝飾產(chǎn)品的同時(shí)也節約了資源。防護型鍍層廣泛應用在汽車(chē)、輪船、機械等行業(yè)。如：汽車(chē)輪轂、摩托車(chē)檔泥板、機械配件、鋼構等，代表工藝有多層鎳鉻、鋅、錫等。
3、使非金屬材料金屬化：塑料電鍍是此類(lèi)工藝的代表。隨著(zhù)塑料電鍍工藝的.發(fā)展成熟，使得塑料等新材料工業(yè)得到了飛速發(fā)展，使得電子工業(yè)中的集成電路成為可能，推動(dòng)了整個(gè)電子工業(yè)的發(fā)展，最具代表的就是PCB塑料電路板電鍍工藝。通過(guò)在塑料表面金屬化后鍍覆一層銅，再經(jīng)過(guò)電路刻蝕后形集成電鍍板。現代的體積小，功能強大的電子產(chǎn)品均得益于此電鍍工藝。
二、國內外電鍍技術(shù)研究現狀、水平及發(fā)展趨勢
目前，電鍍技術(shù)主要在裝飾、材料輕量化和異形結構加工方面研究發(fā)展較為成熟。現代汽車(chē)、摩托車(chē)和自行車(chē)日趨輕量化且豪華美觀(guān), 其塑料電鍍發(fā)揮了重要作用。建筑裝飾已是建筑物的重要組成部分。無(wú)論是從經(jīng)濟效益, 還是從提高建筑安全性能的角度來(lái)看, 采用輕質(zhì)非金屬材料制作建筑裝飾件都是十分有利的, 而材料的首選就是玻璃鋼(FRP)。在FRP無(wú)電鍍技術(shù)以前, 在建筑中就有多項應用。減輕材料的重量，對建筑的安全性具有重要作用。塑料電鍍技術(shù)是首選。目前此技術(shù)已在建筑領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮巨大作用。
2007年12月14日，在北京航空航天大學(xué)如心學(xué)術(shù)會(huì )議廳，由北京電鍍學(xué)會(huì )組織召開(kāi)了2007年下半年的電鍍新技術(shù)學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì )。會(huì )議介紹了最近的研究成果，包括高性能貴金屬氧化物不溶性陽(yáng)極、有機廢水電解處理、導電性納米電極、氫能利用、DSA的應用以及鍍金、鍍銠技術(shù)等。
塑料電鍍是現代加工工藝中典型的新型材料和新工藝結合的技術(shù)。隨著(zhù)21世紀高科技發(fā)展的需要，塑料電鍍在工程和功能方面還會(huì )大幅度擴展，一些新的電鍍技術(shù)將會(huì )應運而生。如在陶瓷基上電鍍銅制作的電容器，對全塑封裝的小型變壓器的外封裝塑料進(jìn)行電鍍來(lái)屏蔽電磁場(chǎng)，增強了變壓器的性能和壽命。塑料電鍍技術(shù)是值得表面處理界關(guān)注的技術(shù),尤其是塑料表面的直接電鍍, 綜合了非金屬材料和金屬材料兩方面的優(yōu)點(diǎn), 只要設計人員對兩者的性能有足夠的了解, 充分加以利用, 就有可能制作出有特點(diǎn)的制品, 應用前景廣闊。
三、電鍍技術(shù)研究理論依據、內容和方法
電鍍指的是通過(guò)化學(xué)、物理手段在需要的材料表面鍍上保護材料，改變材料的性能。未來(lái)電鍍技術(shù)的發(fā)展在塑料、陶瓷方面研究前景廣闊。通常需要電鍍的材料為固態(tài)，被電鍍上的材料的有效成分在溶液中，通過(guò)外加電壓，使需電鍍的材料均勻析出在需要電鍍的材料表面。
通過(guò)理論計算需要電鍍材料的電勢，和所加的外加電壓，通過(guò)試驗，使需要的材料電鍍到使用材料上，從而改變材料的性能。
四、課題研究的過(guò)程
通過(guò)在網(wǎng)絡(luò )、圖書(shū)館收集有關(guān)電鍍的資料，對目前電鍍技術(shù)研究的現狀和同領(lǐng)域研究觀(guān)點(diǎn)的差別，提出自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。根據實(shí)際情況，安排收集資料、整理資料、總結資料的時(shí)間。規劃出寫(xiě)論文的步驟。主要的是每一階段研究的時(shí)間作出明顯設定。保證研究過(guò)程環(huán)環(huán)緊扣，有條不紊，循序漸進(jìn)。
五、主要參考文獻
《畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作與文獻檢索》主編：趙滿(mǎn)華 北京郵電大學(xué)出版社 《大學(xué)生畢業(yè)設計（論文）寫(xiě)作指南》主編：周志高 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 《電鍍與涂飾》雜志