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Foreignization: Transliteration, Literal Translation etc
domestication: Addition, Omission, Analogy, Annotation, Renaming
以上只是幾個(gè)例子。
翻譯方法有很多,簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō),凡是向目標語(yǔ)言靠近的方法技巧就屬于歸化。
保持原文風(fēng)格文化的就是異化。
如有疑問(wèn),請追問(wèn)。
Venuti指出,歸化翻譯法是英美文化社會(huì )中占主導地位的翻譯策略。
這種策略與該文化社會(huì )和其他文化社會(huì )的非對稱(chēng)文學(xué)關(guān)系相一致。由于歸化翻譯法流行于英美文化社會(huì )諸多領(lǐng)域,因此有必要有意識地選擇其他翻譯策略,以挑戰其統治地位。
以下分析一個(gè)歸化翻譯的例子。6. A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said: “What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise. The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, ”What is the tortoise standing on?“ ”You're very clever, young man, very clever,“ said the old lady. ”But it's turtles all the way down!“(From Hawking, S.W. 1988. A Brief History of Time from the Big Bang to Black Holes. London and Auckland: Bantam Press. (從希臘譯本回譯) Alice in Wonderland was once giving a lecture about astronomy. She said that the earth is a spherical planet in the solar system which orbits around its center the sun, and that the sun is a star which in turn orbits around the center of the star system which we call the Galaxy. At the end of the lecture the Queen looked at her angrily and disapprovingly. “what you say is nonsense. The earth is just a giant playing card, so it's flat like all playing card,” she said, and turned triumphantly to the members of her retinue, who seemed clearly satisfied by her explanation. Alice smiled a superior smile, “and what is this playing card supported on?” she asked with irony. The Queen did not seem put out, “You are clever, very clever,” she replied, “so let me tell you, young lady, that this playing card is supported on another, and the other on another other, and the other other on another other other…” She topped, out of breath, “The Universe is nothing but a great big pack of cards,” she shrieked.析:原文是霍金(S.W. Hawking)的《時(shí)間簡(jiǎn)史》,屬于科普著(zhù)作,閱讀對象為有一定文化程度的讀者。
其文本類(lèi)型和讀者類(lèi)型決定了其語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)是樸實(shí)明了,不帶太多的修飾成分。譯文(希臘語(yǔ))的目的讀者顯然是少年兒童,譯者根據目的語(yǔ)的文化背景,采用了歸化翻譯法,對譯文進(jìn)行了特殊的處理:(1)采用了形象替代法,套用了少年兒童熟悉的“Alice in Wonderland”(《愛(ài)麗絲游記》)故事中的人物來(lái)講原文中的故事。
愛(ài)麗絲(Alice)是一個(gè)充滿(mǎn)好奇心、求知欲強、愛(ài)思考的女孩子,譯者用她來(lái)代替原文中的科學(xué)家,對于少年兒童來(lái)說(shuō)更加有吸引力。《愛(ài)麗絲游記》中有一段是講愛(ài)麗絲與一個(gè)撲克王國的故事,而這個(gè)王國中最主要的人物就是皇后。
愛(ài)麗絲常與皇后發(fā)生爭論,而皇后的形象與原文中的老婦人(the old lady)十分相似,就是趾高氣揚,固執己見(jiàn)。因此,譯者用皇后(the Queen)代替原文中的老婦人(the old lady);用撲克(playing card)代替烏龜(tortoise),整個(gè)故事里面的喻體變了,但是喻義沒(méi)有變。
歸化翻譯法旨在盡量減少譯文中的異國情調,為目的語(yǔ)讀者提供一種自然流暢的譯文。Venuti 認為,歸化法源于這一著(zhù)名翻譯論說(shuō),“盡量不干擾讀者,請作者向讀者靠近”(Schleiermacher 1838/1963:47, 1838/1977:74; Venuti 1995:19-20)。
歸化:是要把源語(yǔ)本土化,以目標語(yǔ)或譯文讀者為歸宿,采取目標語(yǔ)讀者所習慣的表達方式來(lái)傳達原文的內容。
歸化翻譯要求譯者向目的語(yǔ)的讀者靠攏,譯者必須像本國作者那樣說(shuō)話(huà),原作者要想和讀者直接對話(huà),譯作必須變成地道的本國語(yǔ)言。歸化翻譯有助于讀者更好地理解譯文,增強譯文的可讀性和欣賞性。
異化:是“譯者盡可能不去打擾作者,讓讀者向作者靠攏”。在翻譯上就是遷就外來(lái)文化的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn),吸納外語(yǔ)表達方式,要求譯者向作者靠攏,采取相應于作者所使用的源語(yǔ)表達方式,來(lái)傳達原文的內容,即以目的語(yǔ)文化為歸宿。
使用異化策略的目的在于考慮民族文化的差異性、保存和反映異域民族特征和語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格特色,為譯文讀者保留異國情調。作為兩種翻譯策略,歸化和異化是對立統一,相輔相成的,絕對的歸化和絕對的異化都是不存在的。
在廣告翻譯實(shí)踐中譯者應根據具體的廣告語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)、廣告的目的、源語(yǔ)和目的語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)、民族文化等恰當運用兩種策略,已達到具體的、動(dòng)態(tài)的統一。
合譯 co-translator
分譯 Points translation
對聯(lián)法 Couplet method 或 Method of paired associates
套用法 Applying method
前后倒譯法 Pour translation before
反譯法 Reverse translation 或 Negation
歸化譯法 Naturalized translation
節譯法 Evans method
釋義法 Definition method 或 Explanation
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